YÖKDİL Sağlık Okuma Paragrafı Soruları

Question 1

Fever is one of the most familiar signs of illness, yet it is often misunderstood. A fever is not simply the body overheating. When the immune system detects an infection, it releases chemical signals that act on a region of the brain responsible for regulating temperature. This region then raises the temperature that the body tries to maintain, much as one might turn up a thermostat. The person feels cold and may shiver, because the body is now below its new target and is working to produce and conserve heat. Once the infection is under control, the target returns to normal, and the body loses its extra heat through sweating. There is growing evidence that this rise in temperature is not merely a side effect of infection but part of the defence against it. Many bacteria and viruses multiply less efficiently at higher temperatures, while several activities of immune cells appear to become more effective. A similar response is found in many other animals, including some cold-blooded species that move to warmer places when they are infected, which suggests that it has long been useful for survival. These findings have led some doctors to question the common habit of lowering every fever with medicine. In most healthy people, a moderate fever is not dangerous in itself, and treatment mainly serves to make the patient more comfortable. Nevertheless, fever does have costs. It increases the body's demand for energy and oxygen, which can place a heavy burden on people with heart or lung disease. In such patients, and when temperatures become very high, lowering the fever remains an important part of care.

Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

Accepted Answer

Fever is a controlled response that may help fight infection but can harm some patients.

Answer

Fever occurs when the brain loses control of body temperature during a serious infection.

Answer

Fever is usually dangerous in itself and should therefore be lowered with medicine as soon as possible.

Answer

Fever helps immune cells to work more effectively, which is why cold-blooded animals also produce it.

Answer

Shivering and sweating are the two main ways in which the body destroys bacteria and viruses.

Question 2

Fever is one of the most familiar signs of illness, yet it is often misunderstood. A fever is not simply the body overheating. When the immune system detects an infection, it releases chemical signals that act on a region of the brain responsible for regulating temperature. This region then raises the temperature that the body tries to maintain, much as one might turn up a thermostat. The person feels cold and may shiver, because the body is now below its new target and is working to produce and conserve heat. Once the infection is under control, the target returns to normal, and the body loses its extra heat through sweating. There is growing evidence that this rise in temperature is not merely a side effect of infection but part of the defence against it. Many bacteria and viruses multiply less efficiently at higher temperatures, while several activities of immune cells appear to become more effective. A similar response is found in many other animals, including some cold-blooded species that move to warmer places when they are infected, which suggests that it has long been useful for survival. These findings have led some doctors to question the common habit of lowering every fever with medicine. In most healthy people, a moderate fever is not dangerous in itself, and treatment mainly serves to make the patient more comfortable. Nevertheless, fever does have costs. It increases the body's demand for energy and oxygen, which can place a heavy burden on people with heart or lung disease. In such patients, and when temperatures become very high, lowering the fever remains an important part of care.

According to the passage, a person whose fever is rising feels cold and shivers because ----.

Accepted Answer

the body is below the higher temperature the brain now aims for

Answer

the infection has damaged the part of the brain that controls temperature

Answer

the body has already lost too much heat through sweating

Answer

bacteria multiply more quickly when the body is cold

Answer

the medicine used to lower fever makes the body produce less heat

Question 3

Fever is one of the most familiar signs of illness, yet it is often misunderstood. A fever is not simply the body overheating. When the immune system detects an infection, it releases chemical signals that act on a region of the brain responsible for regulating temperature. This region then raises the temperature that the body tries to maintain, much as one might turn up a thermostat. The person feels cold and may shiver, because the body is now below its new target and is working to produce and conserve heat. Once the infection is under control, the target returns to normal, and the body loses its extra heat through sweating. There is growing evidence that this rise in temperature is not merely a side effect of infection but part of the defence against it. Many bacteria and viruses multiply less efficiently at higher temperatures, while several activities of immune cells appear to become more effective. A similar response is found in many other animals, including some cold-blooded species that move to warmer places when they are infected, which suggests that it has long been useful for survival. These findings have led some doctors to question the common habit of lowering every fever with medicine. In most healthy people, a moderate fever is not dangerous in itself, and treatment mainly serves to make the patient more comfortable. Nevertheless, fever does have costs. It increases the body's demand for energy and oxygen, which can place a heavy burden on people with heart or lung disease. In such patients, and when temperatures become very high, lowering the fever remains an important part of care.

The phrase 'the target' in the passage refers to ----.

Accepted Answer

the body temperature that the brain has set as its goal

Answer

the infection that the immune system has detected in the body

Answer

the region of the brain that is responsible for regulating temperature

Answer

the chemical signals that the immune system releases during an infection

Answer

the extra heat that the body loses through sweating after an infection

Question 4

Public health researchers have long believed that environmental factors exert a significant effect upon disease prevalence within a given population. One piece of evidence that has attracted considerable attention concerns air pollution, which is thought to lead to chronic respiratory conditions among vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly. A recent study compared a group of urban residents exposed to high pollution levels with a group living in less contaminated areas, and the findings indicated that the former group exhibited a markedly higher incidence of asthma. Researchers argue that limited regulatory action taken by municipal authorities has failed to reduce harmful emissions substantially, thus perpetuating negative health consequences. Moreover, some scholars note that reliance on computer modeling, though useful, has produced projections that underestimate the true scope of the problem. Consequently, many patients have lost years of healthy life due to preventable environmental exposure. Public health experts now provide policy recommendations intended to mitigate these effects, emphasizing that comprehensive intervention could substantially reduce morbidity rates if implemented consistently across affected regions.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Accepted Answer

Environmental factors, particularly air pollution, significantly affect disease rates and require stronger intervention

Answer

Environmental pollution has minimal impact on public health outcomes

Answer

Municipal authorities have successfully eliminated pollution-related illness

Answer

Computer modeling is the most reliable method for predicting disease

Answer

Urban residents are generally healthier than rural populations

Question 5

Public health researchers have long believed that environmental factors exert a significant effect upon disease prevalence within a given population. One piece of evidence that has attracted considerable attention concerns air pollution, which is thought to lead to chronic respiratory conditions among vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly. A recent study compared a group of urban residents exposed to high pollution levels with a group living in less contaminated areas, and the findings indicated that the former group exhibited a markedly higher incidence of asthma. Researchers argue that limited regulatory action taken by municipal authorities has failed to reduce harmful emissions substantially, thus perpetuating negative health consequences. Moreover, some scholars note that reliance on computer modeling, though useful, has produced projections that underestimate the true scope of the problem. Consequently, many patients have lost years of healthy life due to preventable environmental exposure. Public health experts now provide policy recommendations intended to mitigate these effects, emphasizing that comprehensive intervention could substantially reduce morbidity rates if implemented consistently across affected regions.

According to the passage, what did the comparison between the two groups reveal?

Accepted Answer

The highly polluted group showed a higher incidence of asthma

Answer

Both groups had identical asthma rates

Answer

The less polluted group had higher asthma rates

Answer

The study found no significant difference between groups

Answer

Neither group showed any respiratory symptoms

Question 6

Public health researchers have long believed that environmental factors exert a significant effect upon disease prevalence within a given population. One piece of evidence that has attracted considerable attention concerns air pollution, which is thought to lead to chronic respiratory conditions among vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly. A recent study compared a group of urban residents exposed to high pollution levels with a group living in less contaminated areas, and the findings indicated that the former group exhibited a markedly higher incidence of asthma. Researchers argue that limited regulatory action taken by municipal authorities has failed to reduce harmful emissions substantially, thus perpetuating negative health consequences. Moreover, some scholars note that reliance on computer modeling, though useful, has produced projections that underestimate the true scope of the problem. Consequently, many patients have lost years of healthy life due to preventable environmental exposure. Public health experts now provide policy recommendations intended to mitigate these effects, emphasizing that comprehensive intervention could substantially reduce morbidity rates if implemented consistently across affected regions.

What can be inferred about the role of municipal authorities in this passage?

Accepted Answer

Their limited action has contributed to ongoing negative health effects

Answer

They have taken extensive and effective action to reduce emissions

Answer

They have eliminated the need for further research

Answer

They rely entirely on computer modeling for policy decisions

Answer

They have no responsibility for environmental health issues

Question 7

Public health researchers have long believed that environmental factors exert a significant effect upon disease prevalence within a given population. One piece of evidence that has attracted considerable attention concerns air pollution, which is thought to lead to chronic respiratory conditions among vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly. A recent study compared a group of urban residents exposed to high pollution levels with a group living in less contaminated areas, and the findings indicated that the former group exhibited a markedly higher incidence of asthma. Researchers argue that limited regulatory action taken by municipal authorities has failed to reduce harmful emissions substantially, thus perpetuating negative health consequences. Moreover, some scholars note that reliance on computer modeling, though useful, has produced projections that underestimate the true scope of the problem. Consequently, many patients have lost years of healthy life due to preventable environmental exposure. Public health experts now provide policy recommendations intended to mitigate these effects, emphasizing that comprehensive intervention could substantially reduce morbidity rates if implemented consistently across affected regions.

In the context of the passage, what does the word 'lost' most nearly mean?

Accepted Answer

Forfeited or deprived of

Answer

Discovered

Answer

Gained

Answer

Protected

Answer

Increased

Question 8

Once a medicine enters the bloodstream, the body immediately begins to remove it. The liver breaks many drugs down into other substances, and the kidneys filter drugs and their products out of the blood so that they can leave the body in urine. Pharmacologists describe the speed of this process with a measure called the elimination half-life, which is the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the blood to fall by half. For some medicines, the half-life is less than an hour; for others, it may be several days. This single value has important practical consequences. It largely determines how often a drug must be taken to keep its concentration within the range in which it is effective but not harmful. A drug with a short half-life may need to be given several times a day, whereas one with a long half-life can often be taken once daily. The half-life also explains why many medicines do not reach their full effect straight away. When the same dose is taken repeatedly, the amount in the body builds up until the quantity removed between doses equals the quantity taken, a balance known as the steady state. As a general rule, this takes about four to five half-lives. Half-life is not fixed, however. Because the liver and kidneys do most of the work of clearing drugs, disease in either organ can slow elimination considerably. Age can have a similar effect, since the kidneys often work less efficiently in later life. In such patients, a standard dose may gradually accumulate to dangerous levels, so doctors may reduce the dose or lengthen the interval between doses.

What is the passage mainly concerned with?

Accepted Answer

The concept of elimination half-life and its importance in deciding how drugs are given

Answer

The roles of the liver and kidneys in breaking down and removing medicines

Answer

The risks of taking a medicine several times a day instead of once daily

Answer

The reasons why older patients should always be given lower doses of medicine

Answer

The reasons why drugs with long half-lives are more effective than other drugs

Question 9

Once a medicine enters the bloodstream, the body immediately begins to remove it. The liver breaks many drugs down into other substances, and the kidneys filter drugs and their products out of the blood so that they can leave the body in urine. Pharmacologists describe the speed of this process with a measure called the elimination half-life, which is the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the blood to fall by half. For some medicines, the half-life is less than an hour; for others, it may be several days. This single value has important practical consequences. It largely determines how often a drug must be taken to keep its concentration within the range in which it is effective but not harmful. A drug with a short half-life may need to be given several times a day, whereas one with a long half-life can often be taken once daily. The half-life also explains why many medicines do not reach their full effect straight away. When the same dose is taken repeatedly, the amount in the body builds up until the quantity removed between doses equals the quantity taken, a balance known as the steady state. As a general rule, this takes about four to five half-lives. Half-life is not fixed, however. Because the liver and kidneys do most of the work of clearing drugs, disease in either organ can slow elimination considerably. Age can have a similar effect, since the kidneys often work less efficiently in later life. In such patients, a standard dose may gradually accumulate to dangerous levels, so doctors may reduce the dose or lengthen the interval between doses.

According to the passage, the steady state is reached when ----.

Accepted Answer

the quantity cleared from the body between doses matches the quantity taken in

Answer

the concentration of the drug in the blood has dropped to half of its highest level

Answer

the liver has stopped converting the drug into other substances

Answer

a drug with a long half-life is taken no more than once a day

Answer

the kidneys have removed all traces of the previous dose from the blood

Question 10

Once a medicine enters the bloodstream, the body immediately begins to remove it. The liver breaks many drugs down into other substances, and the kidneys filter drugs and their products out of the blood so that they can leave the body in urine. Pharmacologists describe the speed of this process with a measure called the elimination half-life, which is the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the blood to fall by half. For some medicines, the half-life is less than an hour; for others, it may be several days. This single value has important practical consequences. It largely determines how often a drug must be taken to keep its concentration within the range in which it is effective but not harmful. A drug with a short half-life may need to be given several times a day, whereas one with a long half-life can often be taken once daily. The half-life also explains why many medicines do not reach their full effect straight away. When the same dose is taken repeatedly, the amount in the body builds up until the quantity removed between doses equals the quantity taken, a balance known as the steady state. As a general rule, this takes about four to five half-lives. Half-life is not fixed, however. Because the liver and kidneys do most of the work of clearing drugs, disease in either organ can slow elimination considerably. Age can have a similar effect, since the kidneys often work less efficiently in later life. In such patients, a standard dose may gradually accumulate to dangerous levels, so doctors may reduce the dose or lengthen the interval between doses.

The word 'considerably' in the passage is closest in meaning to ----.

Accepted Answer

significantly

Answer

slightly

Answer

suddenly

Answer

permanently

Answer

gradually

Question 11

As populations age worldwide, researchers face a growing challenge: understanding why some individuals remain healthy into old age while others experience cognitive decline. A recent study conducted across several countries examined how brain functions change over decades. Unlike earlier research that focused mainly on vaccines and physical illness, this study emphasized lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and social interaction. Scientists usually agree that early diagnosis makes treatment easier, yet detecting conditions like Alzheimer's disease in its earliest stage remains difficult because symptoms develop gradually. In addition, the study gathered information from thousands of participants, including university students who volunteered for long-term monitoring during one spring semester. Findings suggest that mental exercises and regular sleep patterns help the brain reach higher resilience against decline. These results, now widely discussed among neurologists, indicate that prevention strategies could reduce the future burden of dementia significantly, especially as climate-related stress and pollution are increasingly linked to accelerated neurological aging.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Accepted Answer

A study highlights lifestyle factors' role in preventing cognitive decline in aging populations

Answer

Vaccines are the primary solution to cognitive decline

Answer

University students are more prone to Alzheimer's disease

Answer

Climate change has no effect on brain health

Answer

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's is now simple and reliable

Question 12

As populations age worldwide, researchers face a growing challenge: understanding why some individuals remain healthy into old age while others experience cognitive decline. A recent study conducted across several countries examined how brain functions change over decades. Unlike earlier research that focused mainly on vaccines and physical illness, this study emphasized lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and social interaction. Scientists usually agree that early diagnosis makes treatment easier, yet detecting conditions like Alzheimer's disease in its earliest stage remains difficult because symptoms develop gradually. In addition, the study gathered information from thousands of participants, including university students who volunteered for long-term monitoring during one spring semester. Findings suggest that mental exercises and regular sleep patterns help the brain reach higher resilience against decline. These results, now widely discussed among neurologists, indicate that prevention strategies could reduce the future burden of dementia significantly, especially as climate-related stress and pollution are increasingly linked to accelerated neurological aging.

According to the passage, why is diagnosing Alzheimer's disease difficult?

Accepted Answer

Because symptoms appear gradually over time

Answer

Because vaccines interfere with diagnosis

Answer

Because researchers refuse to study it

Answer

Because it only affects university students

Answer

Because climate change masks its symptoms

Question 13

As populations age worldwide, researchers face a growing challenge: understanding why some individuals remain healthy into old age while others experience cognitive decline. A recent study conducted across several countries examined how brain functions change over decades. Unlike earlier research that focused mainly on vaccines and physical illness, this study emphasized lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and social interaction. Scientists usually agree that early diagnosis makes treatment easier, yet detecting conditions like Alzheimer's disease in its earliest stage remains difficult because symptoms develop gradually. In addition, the study gathered information from thousands of participants, including university students who volunteered for long-term monitoring during one spring semester. Findings suggest that mental exercises and regular sleep patterns help the brain reach higher resilience against decline. These results, now widely discussed among neurologists, indicate that prevention strategies could reduce the future burden of dementia significantly, especially as climate-related stress and pollution are increasingly linked to accelerated neurological aging.

What can be inferred about the study's participants?

Accepted Answer

They included students observed over a period including spring

Answer

They were exclusively elderly patients with dementia

Answer

They only included people from one country

Answer

They were monitored briefly during a single day

Answer

They were selected based on vaccine history

Question 14

As populations age worldwide, researchers face a growing challenge: understanding why some individuals remain healthy into old age while others experience cognitive decline. A recent study conducted across several countries examined how brain functions change over decades. Unlike earlier research that focused mainly on vaccines and physical illness, this study emphasized lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and social interaction. Scientists usually agree that early diagnosis makes treatment easier, yet detecting conditions like Alzheimer's disease in its earliest stage remains difficult because symptoms develop gradually. In addition, the study gathered information from thousands of participants, including university students who volunteered for long-term monitoring during one spring semester. Findings suggest that mental exercises and regular sleep patterns help the brain reach higher resilience against decline. These results, now widely discussed among neurologists, indicate that prevention strategies could reduce the future burden of dementia significantly, especially as climate-related stress and pollution are increasingly linked to accelerated neurological aging.

In the passage, the word 'widely' is closest in meaning to:

Accepted Answer

extensively

Answer

rarely

Answer

secretly

Answer

incorrectly

Answer

briefly

Question 15

Air pollution has become one of the most widespread public health concerns worldwide, and its daily impact on human health is increasingly documented by researchers. Epidemiological studies started decades ago to establish a link between exposure to polluted air and severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In terms of individual risk, people living in highly industrialized urban areas seem to face a greater probability of developing chronic conditions than those in less polluted regions. Interestingly, the relationship between pollution levels and disease incidence is not always straightforward; a fall in air quality does not necessarily produce an immediate rise in illness, since the body's defense mechanisms can, to some extent, protect themselves temporarily. Nevertheless, long-term exposure produces powerful and largely negative effects on public health systems, increasing hospital admissions and healthcare costs. Governments have therefore introduced policies aimed at reducing emissions, and these measures appear to bring positive results in several cities. Public health experts argue that a better regulatory framework, combined with social awareness campaigns, could magnify these benefits, ultimately leading to a measurable decline in pollution-related mortality across populations.

What is the main idea of the passage?

Accepted Answer

Air pollution poses a significant and complex threat to public health, though policy measures show promise.

Answer

Air pollution mainly affects individuals living in rural areas.

Answer

The link between pollution and disease is entirely predictable and immediate.

Answer

Governments have failed to reduce emissions despite public pressure.

Answer

Health authorities have abandoned efforts to study pollution's effects on humans.

Question 16

Air pollution has become one of the most widespread public health concerns worldwide, and its daily impact on human health is increasingly documented by researchers. Epidemiological studies started decades ago to establish a link between exposure to polluted air and severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In terms of individual risk, people living in highly industrialized urban areas seem to face a greater probability of developing chronic conditions than those in less polluted regions. Interestingly, the relationship between pollution levels and disease incidence is not always straightforward; a fall in air quality does not necessarily produce an immediate rise in illness, since the body's defense mechanisms can, to some extent, protect themselves temporarily. Nevertheless, long-term exposure produces powerful and largely negative effects on public health systems, increasing hospital admissions and healthcare costs. Governments have therefore introduced policies aimed at reducing emissions, and these measures appear to bring positive results in several cities. Public health experts argue that a better regulatory framework, combined with social awareness campaigns, could magnify these benefits, ultimately leading to a measurable decline in pollution-related mortality across populations.

According to the passage, what is true about the relationship between a fall in air quality and disease incidence?

Accepted Answer

It is not always immediate, as the body can offer some temporary protection.

Answer

It always leads to an immediate increase in illness.

Answer

It has no connection with the body's defense mechanisms.

Answer

It only occurs in less industrialized regions.

Answer

It causes an instant decline in hospital admissions.

Question 17

Air pollution has become one of the most widespread public health concerns worldwide, and its daily impact on human health is increasingly documented by researchers. Epidemiological studies started decades ago to establish a link between exposure to polluted air and severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In terms of individual risk, people living in highly industrialized urban areas seem to face a greater probability of developing chronic conditions than those in less polluted regions. Interestingly, the relationship between pollution levels and disease incidence is not always straightforward; a fall in air quality does not necessarily produce an immediate rise in illness, since the body's defense mechanisms can, to some extent, protect themselves temporarily. Nevertheless, long-term exposure produces powerful and largely negative effects on public health systems, increasing hospital admissions and healthcare costs. Governments have therefore introduced policies aimed at reducing emissions, and these measures appear to bring positive results in several cities. Public health experts argue that a better regulatory framework, combined with social awareness campaigns, could magnify these benefits, ultimately leading to a measurable decline in pollution-related mortality across populations.

In the sentence 'long-term exposure produces powerful and largely negative effects on public health systems,' what does the word 'powerful' mean here?

Accepted Answer

strong

Answer

financial

Answer

temporary

Answer

social

Answer

minor

Question 18

Air pollution has become one of the most widespread public health concerns worldwide, and its daily impact on human health is increasingly documented by researchers. Epidemiological studies started decades ago to establish a link between exposure to polluted air and severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In terms of individual risk, people living in highly industrialized urban areas seem to face a greater probability of developing chronic conditions than those in less polluted regions. Interestingly, the relationship between pollution levels and disease incidence is not always straightforward; a fall in air quality does not necessarily produce an immediate rise in illness, since the body's defense mechanisms can, to some extent, protect themselves temporarily. Nevertheless, long-term exposure produces powerful and largely negative effects on public health systems, increasing hospital admissions and healthcare costs. Governments have therefore introduced policies aimed at reducing emissions, and these measures appear to bring positive results in several cities. Public health experts argue that a better regulatory framework, combined with social awareness campaigns, could magnify these benefits, ultimately leading to a measurable decline in pollution-related mortality across populations.

It can be inferred from the passage that...

Accepted Answer

public health experts believe further improvements, like better regulation and social awareness, could increase the current benefits of pollution-control policies.

Answer

governments have completely solved the problem of air pollution.

Answer

people in highly industrialized cities are immune to pollution's effects.

Answer

hospital admissions have decreased due to reduced healthcare costs alone.

Answer

the connection between pollution and illness has been disproven by recent studies.

Question 19

Snakebite is a serious but often neglected health problem, particularly in rural parts of tropical countries, where farmers and their families work in fields without protective footwear and may live far from the nearest clinic. The most effective treatment for a venomous bite is antivenom, and the way it is produced has changed surprisingly little since it was first developed more than a century ago. Small, carefully measured doses of venom are injected into a large animal, usually a horse or a sheep. Over several months the doses are increased, and the animal's immune system responds by producing antibodies that can bind to the venom and neutralise it. Blood is then collected from the animal, and the antibodies are separated and purified. Because the venoms of different species vary greatly in their composition, an antivenom made against one snake may offer little protection against another. Some products are designed to cover several species found in the same region, but this broader coverage can mean that larger doses are needed. Since antivenom is made from animal proteins, the patient's own immune system may react against it, occasionally causing severe allergic reactions, so it must be given where staff can manage such complications. Producing it is also costly, and demand in any single market can be small and unpredictable, which has led some manufacturers to stop making certain products. Researchers are therefore exploring alternatives, including antibodies made in the laboratory and small drug molecules that block key venom toxins. Such drugs might one day be taken by mouth immediately after a bite, buying time for a patient to reach hospital.

What is the passage mainly about?

Accepted Answer

How antivenom is produced, what limits its usefulness and which alternatives are being explored

Answer

How snakebites can be prevented by wearing protective footwear

Answer

Why snakebites are more common in cities than in rural areas

Answer

How laboratory-made antibodies have already replaced traditional antivenom

Answer

Why horses are naturally resistant to the venom of most snakes

Question 20

Snakebite is a serious but often neglected health problem, particularly in rural parts of tropical countries, where farmers and their families work in fields without protective footwear and may live far from the nearest clinic. The most effective treatment for a venomous bite is antivenom, and the way it is produced has changed surprisingly little since it was first developed more than a century ago. Small, carefully measured doses of venom are injected into a large animal, usually a horse or a sheep. Over several months the doses are increased, and the animal's immune system responds by producing antibodies that can bind to the venom and neutralise it. Blood is then collected from the animal, and the antibodies are separated and purified. Because the venoms of different species vary greatly in their composition, an antivenom made against one snake may offer little protection against another. Some products are designed to cover several species found in the same region, but this broader coverage can mean that larger doses are needed. Since antivenom is made from animal proteins, the patient's own immune system may react against it, occasionally causing severe allergic reactions, so it must be given where staff can manage such complications. Producing it is also costly, and demand in any single market can be small and unpredictable, which has led some manufacturers to stop making certain products. Researchers are therefore exploring alternatives, including antibodies made in the laboratory and small drug molecules that block key venom toxins. Such drugs might one day be taken by mouth immediately after a bite, buying time for a patient to reach hospital.

According to the passage, antivenom must be given where medical staff can deal with complications because ----.

Accepted Answer

the patient's immune system may react against the animal proteins it is made from

Answer

it has to be taken by mouth immediately after a bite

Answer

it is usually given in very large doses to children

Answer

it contains small amounts of the venom it is meant to neutralise

Answer

it offers no protection against the venom of most snake species

Question 21

Snakebite is a serious but often neglected health problem, particularly in rural parts of tropical countries, where farmers and their families work in fields without protective footwear and may live far from the nearest clinic. The most effective treatment for a venomous bite is antivenom, and the way it is produced has changed surprisingly little since it was first developed more than a century ago. Small, carefully measured doses of venom are injected into a large animal, usually a horse or a sheep. Over several months the doses are increased, and the animal's immune system responds by producing antibodies that can bind to the venom and neutralise it. Blood is then collected from the animal, and the antibodies are separated and purified. Because the venoms of different species vary greatly in their composition, an antivenom made against one snake may offer little protection against another. Some products are designed to cover several species found in the same region, but this broader coverage can mean that larger doses are needed. Since antivenom is made from animal proteins, the patient's own immune system may react against it, occasionally causing severe allergic reactions, so it must be given where staff can manage such complications. Producing it is also costly, and demand in any single market can be small and unpredictable, which has led some manufacturers to stop making certain products. Researchers are therefore exploring alternatives, including antibodies made in the laboratory and small drug molecules that block key venom toxins. Such drugs might one day be taken by mouth immediately after a bite, buying time for a patient to reach hospital.

It can be inferred from the passage that ----.

Accepted Answer

a hospital may have antivenom in stock and still be unable to treat a bite from a particular snake

Answer

manufacturers tend to produce more antivenom when demand becomes unpredictable

Answer

the method of producing antivenom has changed completely in recent years

Answer

small drug molecules are already the standard treatment for snakebite

Answer

an antivenom produced for one region is equally effective against snakes in all other regions

Question 22

Snakebite is a serious but often neglected health problem, particularly in rural parts of tropical countries, where farmers and their families work in fields without protective footwear and may live far from the nearest clinic. The most effective treatment for a venomous bite is antivenom, and the way it is produced has changed surprisingly little since it was first developed more than a century ago. Small, carefully measured doses of venom are injected into a large animal, usually a horse or a sheep. Over several months the doses are increased, and the animal's immune system responds by producing antibodies that can bind to the venom and neutralise it. Blood is then collected from the animal, and the antibodies are separated and purified. Because the venoms of different species vary greatly in their composition, an antivenom made against one snake may offer little protection against another. Some products are designed to cover several species found in the same region, but this broader coverage can mean that larger doses are needed. Since antivenom is made from animal proteins, the patient's own immune system may react against it, occasionally causing severe allergic reactions, so it must be given where staff can manage such complications. Producing it is also costly, and demand in any single market can be small and unpredictable, which has led some manufacturers to stop making certain products. Researchers are therefore exploring alternatives, including antibodies made in the laboratory and small drug molecules that block key venom toxins. Such drugs might one day be taken by mouth immediately after a bite, buying time for a patient to reach hospital.

The word 'neutralise' in the passage is closest in meaning to ----.

Accepted Answer

counteract

Answer

measure

Answer

strengthen

Answer

identify

Answer

release

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